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Orthodox Outlet for Dogmatic Enquiries | Eschatological Topics |
Is "Hell" an eternal place ? Or is it an eternal predicament ?
by Saint Theophan the Recluse Taken from “Anthology of Epistles”, pages 100-109. |
With the help of God I will try to strengthen your wavering
faith regarding the eternity of torments and inform your
troubled soul.
Your concern is the following: “How is it possible for the
sufferings of Hell to be eternal?
It is impossible.
This is contrary to the benevolence of God.”
Before anything else, ask yourself if you are aware that God
Himself had revealed this truth. If you do not know it, you
must read
the utterly clear words of the Holy Bible: “And
these will go into everlasting suffering”
(Matthew 25:46). These words leave no margins for any other
interpretation. They mention very clearly that “hell” is
eternal.
These are the words of the Lord, Who for us people assumed
human flesh, endured terrible passions, died, rose from
the dead, ascended into heaven and sat at the right hand of
the Father, and from there is interested in the salvation of
everyone and each one separately.
Therefore, since those words were said by the One Who had
suffered so much for our salvation and desired nothing more
than that, they must be true. It seems to me that there can
be no doubt in this conclusion. But what have we done, with
our poor mind? We became carried away by doubt. We begat
suspicions about the authenticity of the Holy Scriptures and
the fidelity of their interpretation, saying: “Either it is
not written thus in the codices, or it is not correctly
interpreted.” So pleased were we by this viewpoint, that for
its sake we are ready to overturn everything.
But we have the old codices of the New Testament, which
read: 'And they
shall go away, to an eternal hell”.
We also have
translations of the New Testament. All of them say: “Sinners
will go to an eternal hell.” Therefore there is no doubt
that the Lord had said exactly that.
The incorrigible faithless have tried, after their first
failure, to ascribe an erroneous interpretation to the word
“eternal”. They said that this word is mentioned in a
relative sense. In other words, it merely implies a lengthy
duration, but not one without an end; perhaps so lengthy
that it may seem eternal, but it will definitely have some
end. The error in this interpretation is immediately
evidenced by the following scriptural phrase: “to
an
eternal life”.
Even totally ignorant interpreters understand this as
meaning a life without end. This is exactly how we should
also understand “eternal hell”. Both expressions are mentioned in
parallel. Thus, they are acknowledging the same
interpretation. Whatever is implied in the one expression,
applies to the other. If life is eternal, then “hell” will
be eternal. So, can you see that God Himself has revealed
that “Hell” is eternal? How can you not see it?
If you can see
it, then believe it - with all your heart. Do not be
captivated by a wavering faith; instead, you should
immediately cast out every doubt on matters of the faith.
But let us come back to your doubts and listen to their
arguments: “How is it possible to reconcile the eternity of
“hell” with the benevolence of God and with His unlimited
mercy? Are the torments mentioned in the Gospel actually
horrific? The eternal fire, the unsleeping worm, the outer
darkness and the gnashing of teeth... How does the benevolent
Lord look upon these torments? The Lord has told us to
forgive; so, doesn’t He forgive?
While still on the Cross, He had prayed for His
crucifiers – the most terrible of criminals. Couldn’t He
forgive the less sinful in the future life? '
What can we say about all these queries? I think the
following: They would have some rational basis, if we were
to disregard the benevolence and mercy of God, or, if cruel and
relentless people had decided the eternal status of “hell”.
But when we are certain that this eternity was decided on by
the benevolent God, could we, the creations, dare to claim
that He was wrong in doing so? That He did something
contrary to His benevolence? Or that He has perhaps ceased
to be benevolent? Of course not!
So, since He has
never ceased to be benevolent, then the decision of “Hell”
as something eternal should not conflict with His
benevolence. Because God never does anything, nor says
anything that would conflict with any of His
characteristics. For a simplistic and innocent childish
faith this explanation is entirely sufficient. And it is by
THIS explanation that I am most comforted, more than by any
other. I would recommend it to you as well.
The Lord on the Cross prayed for His crucifiers and His
prayer immediately brought forth fruits: the robber
repented, believed in God and was the first to enter
Paradise. The centurion confessed the Lord as the Son of God
and was counted among the witnesses. Thus it is, with all who
have sinned before God and repented with tears: they were
given absolution and did not find the “gate” of Paradise
closed to them.
If all sinners were to repent, they would all enter Paradise. Only the wicked, the hardened and unrepentant
spirits would be in “hell”.
You hinge on and hope for the forgiveness of God’s
mercy; however, forgiveness is not bestowed without
presuppositions: repent, and you will receive forgiveness.
Without repenting, how can you be forgiven?
The merciful Lord is ready to forgive everyone – as long as
they repent and take refuge in Him. Even if demons repented,
they too would have enjoyed God’s mercifulness. But they
have hardened and stubbornly oppose God, and as such, there
will be no mercy for them. The same applies for unrepentant
people. How can it be possible for those who turn against
God to be forgiven? I think you suspect that they are
many, and I suppose you cannot deny the fact that many of
them leave for the other life as God-opponents, as enemies
of God.
What will be waiting for them “there”? It is obvious! Just as
they did not want to know God, likewise, God
will not acknowledge them as His children. He will send them
“far away” from Him: “I
never knew you; depart from Me, you who practice
lawlessness!” (Matth.7:23)
And when such a
decision leaves the lips of God, who can change it? Behold
the eternal condemnation - the seal of “Hades”.
Now another question arises: Can we hope for a postmortem
repentance? Oh, if that were ever possible! How convenient
that would be for us sinners! “Surely the Lord is so
merciful, that even after death He would forgive us if we
repented?” But here lies our tragedy.
We have nowhere to support such a hope for repentance in the
afterlife. The law of spiritual life stipulates that they
who “plant the seeds” of repentance in this lifetime and even
during
their dying breath will be saved. These seeds will
germinate and will yield the fruits of eternal salvation.
Whoever does not hasten from this lifetime to plant the
seeds of repentance and arrives at the afterlife with an
unrepentant spirit and perseverance in sin, will remain
forever with that spirit and will reap the respective fruits -
God's eternal condemnation. In the parable of the rich man
and Lazarus, Abraham at one point replies to the rich man:
'Between us and you,
a vast chasm is fixed, so that those who wish to go across
from here to you cannot, nor can those from there come
across to us” (Luke 16: 26 ).
So, we have an outright segregation! In the other life, each
one who has been placed “at the right” cannot possibly move
across to “the left”, and each one who has been placed “at
the left” cannot possibly move across to “the right”. In
this same parable, another truth is revealed: No matter how
much a person may repent after death, he will not be
benefited in any way. The law of justice applies, which
decrees: 'You enjoyed the pleasant things in your lifetime,
now you must endure the unpleasant ones'. Woe to us
sinners... Let's hasten as soon as possible to repent while
we are here and thus receive forgiveness. This will be of
value, not only on earth, but also in heaven.
Do you perhaps harbor the hope that the all-merciful God
will forgive sinners and lead them into Paradise? Please
think for a moment if that would be fair, and if such people
could remain in Paradise. Sin is not an external-superficial thing; it
is an internal matter. When someone sins, he pollutes and
disfigures his inner hypostasis. Thus, when forgiving a
sinner who has not repented and is not overwhelmed, he may
be regarded as forgiven on the outside, but internally, he will still
be polluted and disfigured. This is exactly how this kind of
person would be, if God were to forgive him with His
almighty authority, but without the precedent inner
cleansing and repentance.
In various organizations, its members are people who have the
same beliefs. People with different beliefs will not be
gladly
included in that organization. Even if they want to, they
will not be accepted. The same applies to Paradise: only the
cleansed and the repented will enter, while all others will
be excluded, as their presence there will be totally
unfitting.
Imagine a sinner entering Paradise! What a cacography! What
is he supposed to do there? For him, Paradise will be Hell;
he won’t have the appropriate sensor for savoring the
sweetness of Paradise. Everything “there” will oppress him
and make him feel uneasy. He won’t find rest anywhere
because everything will be contrary to his "default" inner
disposition.
Try inviting an illiterate person to a circle of spiritually
cultured people. He would feel terribly uneasy among them.
That is also how a sinner will feel when entering Paradise
with all his inner uncleanliness. That will be his “Hell”…
You might say here: Let someone cleanse him. Would that be
unachievable for God’s omnipotent mercy?
I will reply to you: If it were achievable, then even
here on earth there wouldn’t be a single sinner; God would
command: “Let everyone become a saint!” and His command would
automatically be realized.
I suppose when hearing the expression “left outside the gate
of Paradise” your merciful self might think: “Being left
outside the gate of Paradise does not necessarily have to
identify with terrible torments, the undying fire, the
unsleeping worm, the gnashing of teeth, the outermost
darkness.”
And yet – “Hades” is right outside the “gate of Paradise”!
And, no matter how much we may want to soften the meaning of
the word, “Hades” is a “state of torment”. Yes, the
thoughtless maidens in the parable who were waiting
unprepared for the arrival of the Bridegroom may have been
left outside the door of the bridal hall, but they did not
appear to have suffered any punishment; however, we should
not hasten here to judge them externally, but rather ponder how
much it pained and embittered them when they heard the voice
of the bridegroom on arrival sending them away.
Most certainly there will be gradations in punishment, just
as there will be gradations in blessedness. In the state of
“Hades”, sinners will have to endure torments that reach the
limits of their endurance, beyond which their existence
would normally disintegrate. But it will not
disintegrate; it will remain endlessly in the state of
torment. Expressions such as “unsleeping worm”, “undying
fire” and “outermost darkness” merely denote the ultimate
limit of torments. As for the blessedness awaiting the
righteous, the apostle Paul had said there are things that
await them, “which
eyes have never seen, ears have never heard of, and the
heart has never yearned for”. As such, we can likewise
not know exactly what specific torments will beset the postmortem
body and soul of each sinner.
We of course feel fear and terror when thinking about the
punishments of “Hell”. But that is precisely why they have
been revealed to us: so that sinners may be in fear and
strive to correct themselves. It is precisely because God
desires the repentance and salvation of all His creatures
that He has revealed what awaits the sinner for all eternity.
I met someone who used to say, “What a wise thing the Lord
thought of: Death and Hades. If they didn’t exist, I would
be wallowing in sin. No matter how hard I tried to not think
of Death and Hades, I was unsuccessful, and their constant
remembrance influences my life incessantly.”
You have compassion – but God doesn’t have it? Do you think
it is by chance that He will have the last say to sinners -
i.e.: “go hence from Me”? No! He will say that, after having
tried all other measures and means for them to overcome
their impenitence. How concernedly does He strive to save
every soul! And when He has tried everything and in no way
is able to convert that soul, that is when He will say to
it: “Do as you
wish”.
Just look at the Israelites. How He strived for them! He
eventually abandoned them, after having made every effort to
save them.
The same applies, for every impenitent sinner.
God decides on disapproval and abandonment, when nothing
more can be done with the sinner who is utterly absorbed in
his sinfulness. Where, then, is the place best suited for
the person who ranks himself along with the devil, than
eternity with the devil?
Everyone focuses on the goodness of God and forgets his
righteousness. But the Lord is both good and just. So,
when His goodness has exhausted every means, then it
most certainly will be time for His righteousness to
take action.
Translation by A. N. |
Article published in English on: 12-2-2018.
Last update: 12-2-2018.