Part 1 : The element of Freedom
Now let us focus on analyzing what
the term “person” means. What is significant is that the
person is of course seated within a personal relationship. It
cannot be imagined on its own, but solely within a relationship.
One person equals no person.
However,
that which characterizes the person is that it is unique and that
it cannot be repeated, subsequently, when defining it, it does not
allow for any possibility of comparison, of substitution or
incorporation - within the lattice of our experiences - which is the
case with all objects. Subsequently, we cannot recognize God based
on His attributes, because attributes can also be applied to other
objects, to things other than God. As we said, this is the way we
can know things, not persons.
You cannot come to know a
person based on its
attributes. You would essentially be relating it in spite of its
attributes, and it is then that you realize it is indeed a person.
In other words, someone can be a bad person, but because you love
him, you acknowledge him as being unique, without taking this
attribute into account. On the contrary, if you relate a good
person to his goodness, then you are not relating to the person per
se. If you likewise identify God on account of His goodness, you
are not identifying Him as a person; you are identifying Him as you
would an object, or a thing, which, if tomorrow it proves it is not
as you expected from the aspect of His attributes, your faith will
instantly be shaken and you will lose your relationship with Him.
God is not recognized by His attributes, the way that
objects are; it is precisely because He is a person, that He is
recognized without the need to associate His identity with His
attributes. This therefore is the basic characteristic of a
person. The other characteristic is that the person ontologically
comprises an irreplaceable element of our existence; that is, if the
person were to disappear, then our entire existence would collapse.
It is then that we perceive the person ontologically, in the
profoundest ontological sense: in other words, that He exists, and
that we exist thanks to Him; and furthermore, that the interruption
or rather the non-existence of the one affects the existence of the
other.
Theologically, this means that if the
Son ceases to exist, the Father ceases to exist. If the Father
ceases to exist, so does the Son. There is a personal relationship
here. This loving relationship is ontological because from it, hangs
the existence of each of the parties of this relationship. Thus, we
do not recognize God simply as a kind Being or whatever else, but
instead, as an element from which our existence hangs. And we shall
now see the special meaning it carries, in the realm of Christian
knowledge.
This personal relationship in Christ – the one
between Christ and the Father – is also given to us in Christ, thus
enabling us to recognize God as sons of God, and to address Him as
Father.
You
must be aware that our addressing God as Father originates
exclusively, one hundred percent, from this relationship, from the
right that Christ bestowed on His disciples, to address God as
Father. The concept of God’s paternity was of course also common
outside of Christianity, before the Bible. To the ancient Greeks,
Zeus was “the father of gods and mankind”. But this concept has
nothing in common with the concept of God as Father in the New
Testament, in the Bible. In the New Testament, only the Son has the
right to address God as Father; only Christ. But He bestowed this
right upon His disciples, when He pointed out to them how they
should pray; and this was the meaning of the Lord’s Prayer, when
Christ says: “…for I instruct you to pray thus, by saying : Our
Father……”
Addressing God as Father does not involve an inherent
religiousness. It involves a personal relationship, which only the
Son – the exclusive, only-begotten Son – had. God has no other Son
that could address Him as Father; God has only one Son. Well, it
is this same Son who bestows this right; not in a judicial way, but,
by relating Himself to us, and our relating ourselves to Him, we too
become sons of God the Father, thus creating a relationship and
subsequently able to know God. What does it mean, to “know God”?
As what do we know Him? As someone good? As someone powerful ? We
could surmise all these, without Christ. What Christ gives us as
God’s identity, is that He is the Father. This is what
creates a personal affiliation, a filial relationship. This
relationship that God has with His Son eternally is the one that is
relayed to us, and it is thus that we know the Father; that we know
God as Father. This is the basic content in the cognizance of God:
it is the paternity of God; that God is the Father. Let us
not forget this. We do not learn about God. We do not gather
information on Him. We do not create a dossier with God’s
attributes, the way that Dogmatics often do. For the Christian, the
content of God is that He is the Father; that God relates to Father
and that we cannot comprehend this outside a filial relationship.
You cannot address someone as “Father” without being a son. In the
intellectual sphere, one can state that “God is the Father of His
Son”. I know that; I know it from the Bible, from Dogmatics; but, in
order to know Him existentially, to acknowledge Him as Father, you
must be His son. It cannot be any other way. It is another thing to
say: “that is the father of my friend, therefore, I know him to be a
father because he is my friend’s father”, and it is another thing to
say “existentially I acknowledge him as my father because I am his
son”. A son knows his father in a different manner than the
one by which he knows his friend’s father. This is different kind of
knowledge.
Well, this existential relationship, this loving
relationship, is attained only through Christ, because only He is
the Son who knows God as Father, eternally. And it is bestowed only
to those who acquire this filial relationship thanks to the Son. We
shall see what this means, in more detail.
We shall now make a brief analysis of this
cognizance. What does this cognizance contain, which we call
“personal”? This is the cognizance “in person” that Paul speaks of,
when we know God “in the person of Jesus Christ”. What does it
mean, to know someone “in person”? What elements does it contain,
which could be compared to the elements by which we recognize
things? We shall now make this comparison.
The first basic element that the
cognizance of a person entails, as compared to the cognizance of
things, we could call the element of liberty. What does this
mean? It means that I can never recognize something liberally,
neither does that thing have any liberty of its own, during the
moment of cognizance. Neither the recognizer nor the recognized
behave freely; can you freely ignore, or not recognize this table
that is in front of you, or me, who is speaking to you? Of course
not. Whoever says that he does not recognize my existence is
obviously not in his right mind. He doesn’t have the liberty
to not recognize me. The object itself imposes its recognition.
Just as I, being something recognizable by you, cannot be considered
non-recognizable. Therefore, cognizance contains the element of
compulsion. It is somewhat like the compulsion that is used in
Apologetics, in its attempt to prove all those things that we say
about God and His existence. There is a certain element of
compulsion there: we want to convince someone logically that
God exists. If you convince someone with logic, then this knowledge
(cognizance) will be compulsory by nature, just as you are compelled
to acknowledge the existence of the table or any other object. God
therefore also becomes a compulsory object of cognizance, both to
Himself and to us. This is the way that God is usually recognized
by people, by demons and by animals. God is the “supreme power”.
This is the way that idolaters and most people recognize God; how
they compulsorily see Him. That is so, because they are conscious of
their own weakness. It is the almighty Being that they cannot
control…. He is known to them, as a “thing”. They refer to a
“supreme power”, and not to a person. Being recognized in this
manner, he is recognized compulsorily and therefore lacks the
element of liberty. When can we recognize something “in liberty”?
And what does it mean, for the element of liberty to exist?
Saint Maximus posed this question (It
was also posed by Saint Clement of Alexandria, but he didn’t utilize
it): How does God recognize things? How does He recognize the world?
Does He recognize it in accordance with its nature and the nature of
things? His reply is No. God does not recognize the world according
to its nature. And we shall explain what this means. What does it
mean, to recognize something in accordance with its nature? It means
that the thing that you recognize is in fact there and you cannot do
anything but recognize it. For example, what is the nature of a
tree? This thing that I know to be a tree, I know it on the basis
of its nature, just as a scientist knows, in the old sense (as I
told you, science today has changed slightly). But, just as the
scientist knows something on the basis of the laws of nature, by
knowing things that are based on given and objective laws, one could
say that God similarly knows - let’s say – the tree: that it has this colour,
this shape, these laws of growth,
etc.. God’s omniscience is quite often perceived in this manner,
giving rise to tremendous problems.
We must forget this means, this concept of knowledge,
when we refer to God. Maximus says: No, God does not recognize
things in accordance with their nature; He recognizes them as His “own
wills”, for “He created those beings, by His wanting to”.
There is a vast difference between the two. For God to recognize
things, the nature of those things is not a prerequisite.
All things are products of His free will. In order to comprehend
this, we must look for similar situations in our own experiences
(otherwise all of this might impress you, but it will not enlighten
you).
Is it possible to relate to something as a “wanter”?
or as an “own will”? And not to recognize it as a certain nature,
according to its given nature ? This can only occur in the case of a
person, no matter how many difficulties this issue may contain.
The person is regarded, perceived as an identity, but not on
the basis of its nature, which would imply its attributes; perhaps
not even because of its physical presence.
There is a
delicate issue here. I have to mention it, and I hope it will
enlighten you. Sartre mentions an example that is very useful in
this instance. He says that someone had an appointment at a café
with a person named Peter, at three in the afternoon. This person
was a person in the manner that we just described; that is, there
was a relationship of existential interdependence between them. He
goes to the appointment, but does not find this person at the café.
There are other persons who are sitting there, but not Peter. Sartre
observes that what is happening at that moment is, that the absent
person – that is to say, the physical absence of that person –
immediately creates a unique presence: the entire café is engulfed
by the presence of an absent person. And he immediately observes: do
not think that this is a psychological matter, or a matter of
fantasy; because realization comes later, always as a secondary
factor. It is an ontological matter. The absentee is present. And
the absentee can be present, despite his physical absence, because
there is a – let’s say (as we did before, between the Father and the
Son) – a loving relationship. One’s person is not dependent
on its physical presence. That is the conclusion: in a
personal relationship, you can have a presence, without a physical
presence. Or rather, physical absence can assist cognizance,
unobstructed by the compelling element of physical presence. What
do I mean by this? You cannot deny a physical presence. The person
in the example denied the physical presence of all the others. If
you asked him, it is only in retrospect that he will tell you that
George, Nick and others were there. These physical presences were
not the determining elements for his cognizance. And this has
immense consequences on the cognizance of God without His physical
presence, with all the explanations that must ensue on the matter.
On a somewhat
simpler level, we can recognize the person only in liberty, because
if the person does not wish to divulge its identity, we cannot
recognize it. Revelation is always a prerequisite for
cognizance of a person. The meaning of revelation lies here. What
is a revelation of God as a basic element? It means that God is
recognized in liberty; He wants to and does, give Himself. Just
like a person. You can regard me as much as you like as an object,
with all the properties that you can observe thanks to my physical
presence. But no-one can actually know anyone, unless there is a
willful revelation by the recognized. You cannot forcefully
recognize someone. You can get to know him properly, only in a state
of liberty. Therefore the element of personal cognizance always
contains the element of revelation, and revelation contains the
element of liberty in knowledge. This is basic. We must always
remember, that God identifies with our knowledge, only if He wants
to. Because He reveals Himself freely.
I would now also proceed to another,
somewhat provocative conclusion : that God does not want to be
recognized by us, unless it is done in a state of liberty. A
cognizance that is imposed on us, that is not in a state of
liberty on our part, or is in defiance of our liberty, or despite
our liberty, is not the cognizance that God wants; that is,
if someone were to prove God’s existence logically, thus
convincing us logically that God exists. If you could ever
imagine that we can become convinced logically, as I am logically
convinced that this table exists at this very moment (I can also do
this visually), for instance, I can be logically convinced of the
existence of a constellation that I have never seen, but, a
scientist can prove that this constellation could exist, with a
series of reasonings, it cannot be otherwise: I would be convinced
logically. This is another compulsory knowledge – I am not
regarding it in a state of independence. God cannot be regarded,
nor does He want to be regarded, under compulsion. Which means that
man has the option to deny the existence of God; he can say
“I don’t know You”. Which essentially means “I don’t want to know
You – You may exist, but You don’t exist for me”. God wants us to
know that He exists for us, for me. In essence, He wants that
personal relationship. He wants recognition that springs from
within a personal relationship, not just a general knowledge that a
God exists. This kind of knowledge does not interest God. When
He reveals Himself, He reveals Himself as my Father, your Father,
his Father, and not just God in a general and vague sense. Such a
knowledge, in a state of liberty, is what gives me the right to say
liberally : “Yes, You exist” in agreement, or to say “No, I ignore
You, to me You don’t exist”. In the cognizance therefore of God, we
have the element of liberty, both on the part of God and man. And
this what a personal relationship entails: cognizance as we outlined
it, and not according to nature; what I would now call “own will”.
You can also acquaint yourself with God, because you want to know
Him, just as He knows you, because He wants to become acquainted
with you. This is why knowledge of God is revealed only to mankind;
to Adam who is a person. He does not reveal Himself to nature. He of
course also reveals Himself to nature, but in another, compulsory
way. Animals also know that God exists, and demons know that God
exists “and demons believe and are terrified…….”. Who would want
this kind of knowledge ? This is not the recognition that God wants:
an objective recognition. He wants that special recognition. That is
why Adam, by saying “no” to God, is displaying the liberty to ignore
God in practice. This is a wonderful expression, not only in Greek,
but in other languages also: “I ignore You”. It literally signifies
“I don’t know You”, but that is not the true clout of the word. When
we say “I ignore You” it actually signifies that I don’t want to
know You. “I do not know thee” is the awesome statement that
Christ said He would make to certain people…. “I do not know thee”.
But is it possible, that God doesn’t know these people ? Christ
surely knows them on Judgment Day, and yet He will say “I do not
know thee”. He will say: “I don’t know you”, implying that “I have
no personal relationship with you”.
Therefore it is not knowledge of
any kind, but knowledge of a personal nature. And that is why it
contains the element of liberty.